Nutrition Vs. Sport Performance :: Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

The world is an orb of life. In its limited space all life forms compete to hold their own position. As Darwin concluded in his theory of evolution, “only the strong and most advanced survive, while the weak perish and are pushed aside.'; Evolution, the theory we use today to fuel our need to win and succeed in any organized competition. It is this drive that results in the vigorous preparation athletes’ go through to become superior among their race. To thrive, we must understand that proper nutrition is the basis any athlete must build from in order to achieve peak physical performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prior to strenuous activity it is imperative that the body has the required amounts of nutrients to carry out an activity. At the latest reference it is recommended that a person consume an average of 2200 mg of calories, 60 g of fat, less than 5000 IU of vitamin A, more than 60 mg of vitamin C, 400 IU of vitamin D, more than 2000 mg of potassium, 2000 mg of sodium, 65 g of protein, 1.5 mg of thiamin, 1.7 mg of riboflavin, 20 mg of niacin, and 18 mg of iron. Nutritionists of today simplify this into an equation of 40% carbohydrates, 30% fats, and 30% protein that the entire day’s meals should be divided into. The total calorie intake must increase for active persons from 2200 to 2200 plus the total number used while exercising. This will ensure replenishment of the body’s system. Edgeworth 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the wide variety of athletic competitions, the specific meal a competitor may need to eat to benefit themselves differs widely, as do the events. The last meal or two are extremely important in both their time of consumption and content. It is these two factors that can cause a person to make or break their day just by their choices. Experience plays a large role since one must attempt many different pre-competition meals before they will find one that suits the individual. For most, the high carbohydrate diet is the choice; packing in as many as possible since it is such a huge energy source. Also, judging by time, one must decide the size of the meal. To digest a large meal takes 3-4 hours, a small meal 2-3 hours, liquid meal 1-2 hours, and a small snack takes less than an hour. A person may even find a burst of caffeine to be helpful or may just want a feeling of ease by not eating anything at all.

Services Oriented Architecture Is the Future

Services Oriented Architecture is the Future The current buzz word in the Information Technology world is Service-oriented Architecture, also known as SO. Businesses are increasingly becoming interested in implementing SO but are reluctant to adopt what might appear to be a silver bullet due to the complexities involved in this hot new business model. Granted, SO is a new complex approach to building IT systems but it takes advantage of the companies existing assets making it an attractive option that will improve their current software architecture.SO has many benefits for businesses and if the inundation is implemented properly it represents huge cost savings in the software life cycle. Software architects should understand the concepts of SO along with the recommended best practices and standards for implementing a well structured architecture model to determine if SO is the right solution for their business. â€Å"A thoughtful, organized approach to enterprise SO enables compani es to implement, adapt and reuse business processes with unprecedented speed and ease.To enjoy the opportunities that enterprise SO delivers, companies need an open, flexible technology platform to integrate best practices and third-party solutions. In addition, they need business-focused, reusable enterprise services. When companies can design services that are reusable across the enterprise, as well as in different regional organizations and across departmental lines, they achieve an increased efficiency and productivity that in turn results in the ability to rapidly innovate with differentiating services to drive additional business success. (SAP accelerates the path to SO for customers, 2008) Many solutions are available to companies that handle complex network services which use well known standards and technologies hat have been working in the business for a long time so business leaders may discount SO as a new fad without understanding exactly what SO really is. Taking time to learn about this new method of doing business is strongly advised to the architects responsible for companies IT infrastructure so they can make an informed decision regarding how they will do business in the future and if SO would be a good option for them.Service-oriented Architecture is an infrastructure that hosts web services to support software requirements. Legacy applications and services are dad available as a web service that can be accessed using a common application interface. These service oriented concepts can be applied to business, software and other types of legacy systems. SO uses an easy to implement approach to developing IT systems that enables application interoperability and reuse of IT assets. As such, it enables business to offer services with existing applications that are supported by new technology rather than constrained by old legacy technology.SO is the framework that enables a business to change, adapt, partner, and reinvent it itself easily by dec oupling systems making them independent of their peer reverie. Many businesses have an infrastructure that consists of various applications offering services that run on a wide variety of technology which don't all work together. Global enterprises tend to suffer the most from this blend of various platforms such as UNIX, Linux, Windows, or mainframe systems that use different languages like . NET, JOKE, Java, C/C++, or COBOL..IT managers are concerned about the cost and time needed to remodel these services onto a common platform is to much and are hesitant to introduce a new business model that will require restructuring the foundation architecture. Fortunately with SO each application doesn't have to change the current platform they are working on, rather they would create Web Services that are allowed access to the current systems and then publish the web service so other applications can consume the service using a common interface. Web services provide a standard meaner of int erpretation between different software applications, running on a variety of platforms and/or frameworks. A Web service is a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to- machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine- resalable format (specifically WSDL). Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed by using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards. (Zane & Abaca, 2006) In a SO implementation, Web Services act like building blocks where each block is a service that is linked to a business task, business object, or workflow. Because all of the building blocks fit together, you can assemble and reassemble them on the fly. Managing data across disparate systems is a constant challenge for all systems but SO tends to highlight the robbers related to duplicated or undefined data that isn't standardized, making data mapping very difficult and time consuming.In order to have a reliable infrastructure model, resources must be dedicated to the task of defining, standardizing, and maintaining the data that is used in all of the services that are offered. SO uses a standard business object model to easily define the data for services called a Business Object Document (SOD). A BODY is a business document that is exchanged between software components and provides a common messaging architecture. It provides the document structure and naming standards that are used o define and map meta-data to the XML documents which ensures both the publisher and subscriber can understand the content.By understanding the concepts behind SO and how web services and data management are used software architects are able to analyze their current systems and make an informed decision on the value SO would have for the business. Many benefits exist to companies that implement a well planned Service-oriented Infrastructure. Intero perability can be found throughout the enterprise, multiple user groups, multiple business processes, multiple application styles, and multiple delivery channels with the use of SO. Flexibility is greatly increased to adapt to business operation changes increasing the time to implement new services.Web Services reuse low-level components as well as high-level business services decreasing the cost of system management. Integrating disparate systems with a solution that is platform independent reduces the need to restructure the current infrastructure while still allowing the systems to work together in harmony. Service-oriented Architecture's good reputation in the information technology industry is growing at a rapid rate making it the software architects best choice when faced with the task of implementing business integration technology and is highly recommended for companies that need to streamline their business workflow.

Racism in Sports - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2515 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? This article was written to tell its readers about the problems that is going on in sports in todays society. In the article it talks about how sports fans only see what the media wants you to see but it doesn’t show the real problems that are really going on behind the scenes on the field and on the court. The article states that there are problems with not on racism in perfectional leagues but also with universities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racism in Sports" essay for you Create order This article talks about how racism is happening in colleges and for many African-American’s even if they go to the college people see them as an athlete and not there for a degree. The article will give the readers more information about racism in professional leagues and also in college sports as well. The article is not only about racism in sports but will also be about how those that works to promote and protect the athletes as well. I’m going to use this source to help give me more information about the aspects of not only college sports but also different angles for my paper. I’m also going to use this source to help me get a better understanding of the opinions of the author, so I can understand the information more clearly. I want to know more about this subject so this source that I found will give me the information that I need to understand my subject a little more. This article is about how there are many accounts of racist slurs being directed towards the opposing teams at school sporting events. The article doesn’t go very into detail on the subject, but it did have recent accounts of this happening though. In the article it tells you who the racist slurs were being directed at and it also mentioned just some of the punishments that was received to those who said the racist things. The article also mentioned that not only were the adults but also some of the children also were the ones saying the racist slurs. The article also stated that there were even some death threats to an owner of an Idaho soccer club. The article also states that there are more and more of these types of issues happening around the US. The article also stated that there is more of a political level to this issue as well. I found this article to be really informative on my subject because it not only gave me different things that had happened recently to why it might be happening. I found that the different examples of racist slurs around the Us. This article will give me a different perspective when I’m writing my paper. This movie is based off a true story and it tells about a time during WWII when we discriminated against those that were Asian. This movie tells the story of a baseball team of Japanese boys who just wanted to play the sport that they love but WWII was happening, and it was hard for them to play. The movie takes place in Vancouver Canada and because of the boys love for the game they started their own league. The boys had helped a lot of people during that time that was scared about the war to break the racial boundaries the movie includes recent interviews with some of the players from that time. The movie shows its advances what it would have been to live during that time and to be growing up then. The movie also goes into the lives of some of the players and what it was like during such a difficult time in the world. I will use this movie because it tells about the history of a different angle on sports and it will give me a better view on what it was like to be an athlete during WWII. I want to use this movie to add some history and to show a different side of baseball and sports. This article starts out by talking about an incident that had ended with the death of an unarmed seventeen-year-old just because he was African American. After the kid’s death some African American athletes posted a photo stating â€Å"#WeWantJustice† that had sparked a conserver on whether or not athletes should have a say in these types of things. The article also goes into detail on the political side of things also. This article also mentioned that there have been more incidents where unarmed African Americans gets killed. The article goes into great details about a lot of incidents that are happening in the Sports world when to comes to standing up for Justice towards racism. This article also mentioned that politics are starting to be an issue with racism because for some Major Sports Leagues, the players can’t stand up for what they believe in or they will get fired. I found that this article has a lot of great information that I’m going to use in m y paper and this article made a good point on pointing out that our ways of standing up for what we believe in is an amazing thing. I found that this article is filled with a lot of good points that I want to touch more on in my paper. I am using this website because I have found that it has the best information. The site has the most up to date information about my topic. I have found that some of the major information that I am going to use is going to come from this page for the reason that I feel that it has some information that you can’t find at the other sources out there. I have found that I have gotten some very valuable information from this article and that it will direct me in the direction that I will need to go with my paper to begin with. This resource that I’m going to use has stated many interesting information about how there is not only racism going on in our sports leagues but also that racism is happening around the world as well. The article has given a really good example of racist comments and how some people deal with it. There was one example that really stood out to me was that there are many bias fans out there and what they do to get back at someone in their rival team, an d how they go after only one person. This article will be one I will be using to branch out from. This article gives a lot of great points on racism in sports. This article touch’s on how everyone really needs to watch what they say. In the article they start off by talking about an incident that happened on live TV when there was an interview with a retired CBS reporter. The reporter started talking about how African Americans are starting to take over major sports and that they will soon start to couch as well. This article touches on an issue that had happened and it talks about how the views reacted to his comments. The Director of CBS had commented that he never knew about the reporter’s point of view and cut ties with him. This article also touches on how there was a survey down that had shown that African American player receive most of the negative coverage from many reporters. This article also touches issues in college sports and it also talks about the issues that are going on. I found that this article has many different layers to it. I will be able to get a lot of my information on the different aspects on my topic. This article was one that I found as a lot of inflation on not only the issues around racism in social media but also on college sports too. This article is about how talks about a duration of about twenty years This article talks about different incidents that has happened over those twenty years when it comes to African American athletes and it tell the readers that this issue is getting any better. This article is very interesting because it is about a period of time that this topic was still new, and it hasn’t gotten any better over those twenty years. The article tells their readers that there have been many different incidents that has happened in not only perfusing sports but also in college sports as well. This article goes into detail about incidents that has happened to African American athletes over the years and what had happened to them over those years. This article is a survey about racist acts that has happened over those twenty years and the things that has happened to the African American athletes. I really enjoyed this article because it gives me the information that I need to succeed in my rese arch paper. This article goes into what they have found over those twenty years and that information that they have found will help me go further into the history part of my paper. This source that I have picked to use for my topic is from a survey they did to see the bias between the races in the major football league. This has given me many interesting facts from their findings that I never really thought of before. This article goes into great detail about how some fans feel about the different races that are playing for the U.S for not only the Football league but for all of the other major sports like the Olympics and college sports too. I feel that this well give me information about not only the different sports but some of the professional athletes that are mentioned in the article. This article will give me some of the information that I need to help answer my question and it will also help me to be able to tie not only the athletes but also the some of the views from the fans. I find this having at least one survey relating to my topic will help add more concrete facts to help with my overall topic. Bias is something that we all feel and experience bu t for some fans they do something about it. This article that I found will help give me another angle on my topic that will benefit me. This article talks about an incident that had happened to LeBron James home when a racist slur was written on his homes gate. This article talks about how there are many different opinions on racism in the world. LeBron James had commented that if the issue keeps the talk of racism moving then so be it, but he wants something to change. This article was also mentioned on the ESPN article about this not being the only incident that had happened recently. This article goes into many different angles and it give a lot of information about what had happened to LeBron James and those around him too. The information that is presented in this article also states that this wasn’t the first time that something like this had happened to LeBron and it states that it had happened during a game as well. This article had also mentioned a civil rights lawyer that has the same views as LeBron James when it comes to racism as well. I found this article to be very informational because it will give me some opinions from a Professional athlete when it comes to racism and it will help me understand my topic a little better. This article touches on the issue in Europe to show that there is also racism happening all around the world. This article is about some violence’s and racist acts that had happened during a soccer game in Europe. The teams that were playing against each other was Poland and Ukraine. What had happened was that there had already been incidents over the season and the fans to their teams feel that their teams are the better one and thinks that if the chant racist slurs it will make their team win. Ukraine had known that this was going to happen so their team was already ready to handle the slurs and chants. This article also is about how there are more and more issues like this that are happening all around the world. There are being more and more racist acts when it comes to sports fans and the way they fight for their teams win. I think that this article is very informational because it has an international view on my subject and it will help me to show that this issue is not only happening in US sports but around the world as well. This article is very interesting because it goes and gives different details of incidents that has happened over the season. Bibliography: 1. Anderson, P. (n.d.). Racism in Sports: A Question of Ethics. Marquette Sports Law Review, 1-53. Retrieved from Marquette Sports Law Review: https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/httpsredir=1article=1156context=sportslaw 2. Cook, B. (2018, February 9). Whats behind all the racism at youth sports events? Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bobcook/2018/02/09/whats-behind-all-the-racism-at-youth-sports-events/#1affc1142b85 3. Films for the Humanities Sciences, InfoBase, National Film Board of Canada. (2013). Sleeping Tigers, The Asahi Baseball Story. New York, N.Y.: InfoBase. 4. Hall, E. A., March, R. B. J., Reynolds, J. M. (2017). Policy PointCounterpoint: Do African American Athletes Have an Obligation to Fight Against Racial Injustice? International Social Science Review, 93(2), 1–9. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.library.skagit.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=127007917site=ehost-live 5. Lapchick, R. (2018, January 12). Racist acts in sports were on the rise in 2017. Retrieved October 2018, from ESPN: https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/22041345/racism-continued-rear-ugly-head-sports-2017. 6. Lawrence, A. (2018, October 2). How the natural talent myth is used as a weapon against black athletes. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/oct/02/athletes-racism-language-sports-cam-newton 7. Primm, E., DuBois, S., Reguli, R. (2007). An Exercise in Subtleties and the Transmission of Racism: An Analysis of Sports Illustrated Covers. Journal of African American Studies, 11(3/4), 239–250. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.skagit.edu/10.1007/s12111-007-9025-2 8. Schmidt, A., Coe, K. (2014). Old and New Forms of Racial Bias in Mediated Sports Commentary: The Case of the National Football League Draft. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media, 58(4), 655–670. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.skagit.edu/10.1080/08838151.2014.966364 9. Scott Gleeson, Scott Gleeson, USA TODAY Sports. (n.d.). Jackson lauds James compares him to Ali. USA Today. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.library.skagit.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=J0E369547129217site=ehost-live 10. Watson, M. R. (2013). The Dark Heart of Eastern Europe: Applying the British Model to Football-Related Violence and Racism. Emory International Law Review, 27(2), 1055–1104. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.library.skagit.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=96367721site=ehost-live

The Modern Era Of Hypnosis And Hypnotherapy - 941 Words

The modern era of hypnosis and hypnotherapy began with Franz Anton Mesmer, the Viennese physician. Mesmer favored an altogether gentler approach, and his devotion to his patients was quite extraordinary. His breakthrough case was that of Franzl Oesterline, a 27 year old woman suffering from what Mesmer described as a convulsive malady, â€Å"the most troublesome symptoms of which was that the blood rushed to her head and there set up the most cruel toothaches and earaches, followed by delirium, rage, vomiting and swooning†. These symptoms were so severe that Fraulein Oesterline moved into Mesmer’s house to receive round-the-clock care. Returning to the theories of his student days, Mesmer introduced a cure by using a magnet to disrupt the gravitational tides adversely affecting his patient. He successfully induced in Fraulein Oesterline the sensation of a fluid draining rapidly from her body, taking her illness with it. Her recovery after that was complete and virtually instantaneous (Kirsch et.al., 1995). From a modern perspective, we can see that the results were produced by the hypnotic suggestion of a fluid draining from the body, a wonderful healing metaphor that wouldn’t be out of place in a 21st century hypnotherapy practice. Even Mesmer realized that the magnet had nothing to do with the cure. His system rested on the belief that illness was caused by depleted levels of animal magnetism, and that these could be replenished by the healer transmitting some of his ownShow MoreRelatedHypnosis : A Form Of Complementary Therapy1379 Words   |  6 PagesHypnosis (hypnotherapy) is â€Å"a form of complementary therapy that the old power of positive suggestion to bring about sub-conscious change to our thoughts, feelings and behavior. The process itself aims to alter our state of consciousness in a way that relaxes the conscious part of the mind while simultaneously stimulating and focusing the subconscious part. This heightened state of awareness to reached using skilled relax ation techniques and allows the therapist to then make appropriate suggestions†Read MoreThe Roots Of Hypnosis And The Early Ages Of Ancient Civilizations Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesSpeech 101 Ani Hovhannisyan All about Hypnosis Ancient Greek fabulist Aesop once said, â€Å"Persuasion is often more effectual than force.† Persuasion, particularly altered state of mind, can be achieved by utilizing mind-control and hypnotic techniques. The roots of hypnosis trace back to the early ages of ancient civilizations. Ever since the 18th century when the use of hypnosis as a therapeutic tool was brought to the attention of public, it has continuedRead MoreDebate Topics6648 Words   |  27 PagesHypnotherapy is therapy that is undertaken with a subject in hypnosis.[citation needed] The word hypnosis (from the Greek hypnos, sleep) is an abbreviation of James Braid s (1841) term neuro-hypnotism, meaning sleep of the nervous system. A person who is hypnotized displays certain unusual characteristics and propensities, compared with a non-hypnotized subject, most notably hyper-suggestibility, which some authorities have considered a sine qua non of hypnosis. For example, Clark L. HullRead MoreThe Mind Body Concept Of Healing1757 Words   |  8 Pagesconcept of healing is not new. What is now called Hypnosis has been known to exist in almost all societies in the past, although its nature has hardly been understood. Although the term â€Å"hypnosis† has been used only since the 1840s, priests, shamans, healers and medicine men began using this technique, or some form of it, centuries earlier. Evidence of hypnotic-like phenomena appears in many ancient cultures. There are written records about hypnosis going back 5,000 years in Mesopotamia and Egypt

Expansion Of The United States - 1761 Words

The United States expanded territorially in many different ways. One of the main ways was war, also purchasing land or just taking land, as they did to the Indians. There were many points of view on expanding territorially and many reasons why or why not the United States should expand. The ideas of manifest destiny, imperialism, social darwinism, and the fear that if the United States didn’t join in and try to acquire land then there would be no land left for them. They would be inferior to other countries and that is not what they wanted. On the other hand anti-imperialist thought that expansion was immoral and they were afraid that expanding too much would start polluting America and threaten American Liberties. In the end the United†¦show more content†¦The white Anglo-Americans took their land and forced them onto reservations. Reservations were land that was undesirable to the whites. The natives rebelled and out broke â€Å"The Indian Wars†. Resistance with Indians began when they started attacking isolated ranches and wagon trains. When the rebellion started, the US army became more involved and because of this involvement natives started targeting white soldiers. The Indians fought because they wanted to take back the territory that was once theirs. White vigilantes took matters into their own hands and created â€Å"Indian hunting† which made killing Indians into a sport. People who did not want to do the hunting themselves would reward people to do the dirty work for them. Some Indians were tricked when they were offered to attend peace conferences and ended up dead because they were poisoned or murdered. The Indians, however, did have some success in the Indian wars. For example the battle of Little Bighorn in June 1876, one of the largest assembled Indian army that consisted of 2,500 warriors, surrounded George A. Custer’s regiment and killed every man. The regiment was made up of 264 members. Because of the la ck of supplies and political organization the warriors separated into different bands. In 1887 The Dawes Act â€Å"provided for the gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land and the allotment of tracts to individual owners† (Brinkley 463). Cheap train fair

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Free Essays

string(175) " possibly the most important move for the disabled community, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 removed many physical and intellectual barriers to individuals with disabilities\." The first impression that the average person might have when reading about the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is that it appears to be greatly beneficial to Americans with disabilities. Certainly, it was intended to be of assistance to these individuals; however, a question remains regarding the degree of assistance that it provided to the, or if it was beneficial at all. The intention of the ADA was to open access to all aspects of society, to people with all kinds of disabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was intended to prevent discrimination against individuals with disabilities in the same way that previous civil rights laws protected people from discrimination based on race or biological sex. The ADA is divided into five sections, called â€Å"titles. † These titles each address certain topics including various regulations for businesses and organizations of almost any size or purpose, requirements for communications over the telephone, and other provisions in terms of providing physical access, as well as other forms of access to the disabled population. Overall, the ADA does provide the valuable protections to many Americans. It allows individuals with disabilities to have access to education, employment, housing who may not have previously had opportunities in these areas. However, the ADA is not without its issues. The language of the ADA at times goes beyond regulating easily defined and delimited impairments that have objectively determined bases to protecting individuals defined as â€Å"impaired† merely because they are affected by people’s perceptions of a condition or illness that they possess. The language of the ADA raises other issues as well, including the suggestions that the ADA is little more than an enforced quota system or that the measure â€Å"infantilizes† the individuals that it claims to protect. This paper will be used to summarize the ADA and describe its history, as well as some of its effects. Some of the individuals involved with ADA and its policymaking will be addressed. Finally, this paper will be used to discuss the assumptions and values inherent in the ADA and some recommendations for its change. The History of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 The ADA is a civil rights bill. When it passed into law on July 26, 1990 the people who wrote it expected that it would protect individuals with disabilities in the same manner that the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The ADA is divided into five sections, known as â€Å"titles. † These titles define, suggest, or regulate a number of different issues, including: 1. Equal employment opportunities 2. Access to public services overseen by state and local governments 3. Access to both publicly- and privately-run businesses for people with disabilities whenever possible 4. The availability of telephone and other voice communication services to the hearing impaired 5. Definitions of the breadth, depth, and limits of ADA protections and of limitations to state immunity, as well as describing technical assistance programs of importance to businesses (Eckert, 2003). Regardless of the size, all state and local governments fall under the provisions of the ADA. The provisions of the ADA also apply to all sizes of business, regardless of how many people are employed by those businesses. Certain exceptions are made, however, when compliance would cause undue hardship for the business that needs to make modifications. Before the 1960s, people with disabilities were often removed from the general population. Previous generations assumed that individuals with disabilities were â€Å"suffering† due sins either they or their ancestors had committed. Children with disabilities were sent to separate schools from other children, if they were educated at all. The first attempts to care for American citizens with disabilities did not come until the nineteenth century, when life was a little easier and people were able to turn to doing charitable acts. These acts sprung from the community having a â€Å"humanitarian religious background that stressed the responsibility of the successful to help the unfortunate† (Rubin Roessler, 2001, p. 6). The first efforts made benefited individuals who were deaf or blind; only later were attempts made to assist individuals who were mentally retarded or mentally ill (Rubin Roessler, 2001, pp. 6-7). Regardless of these advances, new laws were passed in the second half of the nineteenth century that were based on the scientific theories of eugenics. These laws prohibited people with mental or emotional disabilities from marrying, among other things, to remove them from the gene pool (Rubin Roessler, 2001, pp. 15-18), eventually leading to individuals with disabilities being segregated, including segregation through special education and vocational education. Eventually, as expectations for social responsibility waned, the government took on the role of setting guidelines as to how people with disabilities were treated. Progress first came in terms of worker’s compensation laws and rehabilitation acts. The Depression slowed much of the progress being made in rehabilitation services, but eventually the improved economy resulted in the creation of a number of rehabilitation programs (Rubin Roessler, 2001, pp. 31-32). The period between 1954 and 1972 for that time to be called â€Å"The Golden Era of Rehabilitation† due to all of the legislation enacted during this time (Rubin Roessler, 2001, p. 34). One of these pieces of legislation was the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1954, which authorized funding for vocational education and expanded services. In addition, amendments to the Social Security Act provided aid for individuals with disabilities (Rubin Roessler, 2001, pp. 33-36). Despite these efforts, individuals with disabilities still faced discrimination. Even the Civil Rights Act, passed in 1964, did not protect people with disabilities from discrimination. However, the Civil Rights Act was the first among this kind of legislation to formulate actual penalties against those states that did no enforce the Act. These penalties included â€Å"termination of financial assistance if states and communities receiving federal funds refuse to comply with federal desegregation orders† (Rubin Roessler, 2001, p. 42). The Civil Rights Act, however, did provide the foundation for other legislation, such as the Architectural Barriers Act, passed in 1968. In what was quite possibly the most important move for the disabled community, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 removed many physical and intellectual barriers to individuals with disabilities. You read "The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990" in category "Papers" The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 was one of these acts of legislation. The ADA built upon previous acts by prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities, as described in an earlier section. The sociopolitical model came into being at about the same time the ADA was passed. As the medical model fell out of favor, having a disability was no longer considered a stigma and the isolation of individuals with disabilities was slowly put aside. Instead of seeking to segregate the disabled or trying to â€Å"fix† them, the new model is attempting to integrate them and bring equality to the disabled population. Individuals with disabilities were brought into the educational system and into the workforce and were perceived as equals perhaps for the first time in history. Both the ADA and the legislation that reauthorized its provisions addressed many areas of discrimination against individuals with disabilities. As part of this focus on discriminatory practices, Title I of the ADA addressed pre-employment testing and screening. According to Power (2000) the ADA â€Å"mandated when employment testing should be done, and described how testing must relate to the essential functions of the job (p. xiii). Testing accommodations under the ADA were divided into the categories of medium, time limits, and content (Power, 2000, p. xiii). These limits allowed more individuals with disabilities to have wider scope when taking pre-employment tests, permitting them to test in areas for which they may have previously been arbitrarily deemed unsuited. Positive and Negative Impacts of the ADA However, not all of the effects of this legislation were necessarily positive ones. The ADA undeniably fostered ill feelings in the American public, based on the public’s perception of the ADA being nothing more than legislation that enforced quotas or as legislation that encouraged abuse through its widely inclusive language. This last perception was reinforced by the popular culture in the media, such as its mocking treatment in segments of the popular cartoons The Simpsons and King of the Hill. These two programs featured episodes in which characters deliberately abused the ADA, forcing situations by which they fit the apparently loose provisions of the act. In the mind of the public, Homer deliberately overeating to fit the definition of â€Å"morbid obesity† and the efforts of Hank Hill’s co-workers to force various personal issues into compliance with the ADA provisions showed how the ADA could reinforce or even reward malingering. The King of the Hill episode took a sly jab in this vein at the ADA by its conclusion, which showed the entire office being â€Å"protected† under the auspices of the ADA, with only the manager being held responsible for doing any work (Krieger, 2000, p. 20). The last scene of that particular King of the Hill episode may be of importance for several reasons. First, as already noted, it sends a subtle message to the American public, many of whom do not have informed opinions about the act, about the ADA. Second, as noted by Cary LaCheen, a parallel exists between the way that the media portrays the ADA and the manner upon which it is ruled in the courts (cited in Krieger, 2000, p. 25). Finally, this final scene might have played on fears that the American public had at the time of the â€Å"high levels of job instability and worker displacement† that characterized the then-current labor market and that potentially bred â€Å"insecurity, fear, and resentment toward employment protections extended to members of disadvantaged groups (Krieger, 2000, p. 28). While these publicly-held sentiments are not caused by the ADA itself, they are a response to the frequently vague and over-broad language and interpretations of the language of the act itself. Schwochau and Blanck (2000) suggest that the ADA has actually had a negative effect on the employment of people with disabilities or, at the very least, that the ADA has not created improved working conditions for individuals with disabilities. The authors indicate that at the time that their article was written the figures produced in the surveys provided by the National Organization on Disability actually reflected a decline in the number of such individuals who were employed (Schwochau Blanck, 2000, p. 271). The same surveys indicated that educational barriers still remain, with individuals with disabilities still obtaining unequal education despite being largely integrated into the general education population. However, the surveys indicated that there had been some increase in employment for severely disabled individuals (Schwochau Blanck, 2000, p. 271). Two interesting and potentially disturbing aspects exist in the ADA legislation. One such aspect is that it legislates people’s perceptions; that is, if the perceptions of others cause a person to be perceived as disabled, then that person is protected under the provisions of the ADA (Boyd, 2002, p. 2). Boyd (2002) lists HIV status, disfiguring facial scars, and morbid obesity as three such perceived disabilities (p. 2). Another difficult aspect is that the ADA, intended to prevent discrimination, is discriminatory in and of itself. It does not recognize the rights of all individuals with disabilities; rather, it recognizes the rights of only those individuals whose disabilities meet the statutory definition of disability (Colker, date, p. 98). While the drafters of this act chose to use longstanding definitions of certain disabilities, adopting some definitions from Section 504 from the Rehabilitation Act, it is clear from the above paragraph that these definitions contain some gray areas. Because individuals who do not meet these defined limits are not covered by the ADA, people who lack disabilities are unable to bring reverse discrimination suits or otherwise â€Å"challenge favorable treatment of individuals with disabilities† (Colker, date, p. 98). This narrow concept of who is covered by the ADA also has the potential to create a type of affirmative action program for individuals with disabilities (Colker, date, p. 98). Previous incarnations of affirmative action programs have not been effective for those individuals they allegedly protected. Rather, there has been some argument that affirmative action programs that emphasize the â€Å"needs† rather than the â€Å"rights† of certain groups actually â€Å"infantilize† those individuals (Burke, 1997, p. 271). Who is Involved in the Debate? The debate on the ADA is widespread and covers many areas of society. On the one hand, the National Organization on Disability and other similar groups stand in advocacy of individuals with disabilities. Educators at all levels have also taken up the banner of accessibility and inclusion. Economists, on the other hand, appear to be arguing that the ADA is not as beneficial as it was once thought it could be. Regardless of these positions, however, the influence of the ADA continues to be debated. One source of current debate comes from the technology sector. Because the ADA grants equal access to individuals with disabilities, one question that currently exists is whether or not this guarantee of access extends to commercial and private websites (National Council on Disability, 2003, par. 1). This debate extends from Title 3 of the ADA and the definition of the word â€Å"place† as used in that title. If individuals with disabilities are unable to access these site through electronic aids such as synthetic speech or Braille outputs, are the parties who run these sites liable to provide them access (National Council on Disability, 2003, par. 12). Although a great deal of the access issue can be resolved with a small amount of additional programming effort, how far is it necessary to go to be in compliance with the ADA–or does it extend at all to the Internet? Although the answer to this question has been ruled as â€Å"no† in the past, advocacy groups continue to argue that the provisions of the ADA cover more than just physical spaces. One perception of the ADA is that the law â€Å"forces† equality by requiring employers to treat individuals with disabilities differently to permit them to function as other employees’ equals. However, as Schwochau and Blanck (2000) points out, companies are already in the position of purchasing equipment by which employees can perform their jobs in an equitable fashion. Purchasing a piece of equipment that enables an individual with a disability to do his or her job should be considered â€Å"no more than standard practice† (p. 312). However, the cost of the accommodations that required by the ADA may outweigh the benefits to the employer, â€Å"resulting in market inefficiencies and welfare losses† (Schwochau, Blanck, 2000, p. 308). The primary assumption of the ADA appears to be that a person with a disability is as capable as any other worker might be, given the chance. The National Organization on Disability (NOD) paints a rosy picture of this assumption, reminding employers that among other things: o Hiring individuals with disabilities eases concern over the labor supply o Job performance ratings and retention rates for individuals with disabilities are equal to or higher than for other workers, while at the same time exhibiting lower absenteeism rates o Tax benefits are available to companies that hire individuals with disabilities (National Organization on Disability Website) However, these assumptions may not be as widespread in practice as they are in discussion. According to Maheady and Fleming (2005) it is common for nurse educators and facility administrators to â€Å"voice concerns and hold preconceived notions of success or failure before the student [with a disability] even steps on their floor† (p. 52). These concerns and notions include the accommodations that will need to be made and the issue of patient safety (Maheady Fleming, 2005, p. 52). Recommendations and Rationale for Change One potentially helpful change would be to change the language of the ADA, particularly the language concerning the terms â€Å"reasonable accommodation† and â€Å"undue hardship,† as well as the language that defines disabilities. The language currently in use in these areas of the ADA is both vague and broad in its application. As shown by the exaggerated situations used to comedic effect by the television programs described above, the vague definitions of these terms are open to abuse. If it is reasonable for a person to provide assistance for a person with a hearing impairment to use the telephone, why would it be unreasonable to provide the addict depicted in the King of the Hill episode with lowered lights and a quiet environment? At what point does â€Å"undue hardship† begin if there is no financial cost to the business? When does the â€Å"reasonable accommodation† for one worker begin to impose on another if that imposition is not defined by physical space? In many cases, however, this episode demonstrates the opposite of how individuals with disabilities are treated. Rather than making an extra effort to comply with the reasonable accommodation aspect of the ADA, employers seek to avoid making changes in the workplace. However, individuals with disabilities would often stay in the workforce longer if they would get accommodation. Ultimately, changing the language of the ADA to reflect making these accommodations would save the government money in the long run, by removing people from the welfare rolls, which, ultimately, would serve the public good–and would serve business–by avoiding higher taxes. Another limitation of the ADA is its lack of precision in matters of Internet access. The ADA is legislation of the 1990s; new concerns now exist in terms of online communication that might be addressed by a modified ADA. Although computers were online to a certain extent when the ADA was compiled, the Internet has become far more pervasive since that time. Technology does exist that enables individuals with hearing or visual impairments to use the Internet; however, what is the obligation to the employer to provide this costly equipment to a single employee? Would a refusal to provide this equipment be covered by the â€Å"undue hardship† area of the ADA, or would it constitute discrimination. Without an update to the language of the ADA, situations created by current and future technology will remain unaddressed. Rather than rely on the input of a small selection of interest groups, it would seem wise to widen the scope of information gathering for these proposed modifications. Community seminars could be used to form local focus groups, which in turn could produce reports to be compiled into a block of regional or nationwide research. These seminars would have the beneficial side effects of informing the public and enabling them to feel empowered as they provide their input on something that has an effect on their working lives. At the same time, these focus groups could serve to change the opinion of the public about individuals with disabilities, as some people in the general public have the impression that members of the disabled population do not want to work. In addition to these focus groups, councils formed by those individuals who work with the disabled community and members of the business community might be established to discuss and define an alternative to the terms â€Å"undue hardship† and â€Å"reasonable accommodation. † These and other questions should be addressed to improve both public perception of the ADA and its application in the business world Finally, changes could also be made to the ADA in terms of defining disability. Public perception of a person with a disability is that of a person in a wheelchair. This stereotyped perception leads to wheelchair ramps being installed outside of public buildings, such as schools, or even outside of some privately owned business and retail stores. However, not all disabilities are visible. Some individuals have disabilities related to heart disease or immunodeficiency diseases. These individuals often have difficulty breathing or lack energy and lack the ability to climb stairs. Their only alternative in these situations is that of walking long distances through these ramps, which may actually aggravate the conditions that they possess. By creating a more inclusive list of disabilities and their definitions that is reflective of these hidden and unfamiliar conditions, more appropriate accommodations might become more available to a greater portion of the disabled community. Conclusion Throughout the history of the profession, social workers have been involved in seeking social equality and social justice for people caught in an unequal and often unfair system. Within this role, social workers have often actively participated in the political process. Therefore, social workers have an obligation to lobby local, state, and even federal legislatures to pass laws that grant businesses money to make the specific accommodations required by people with disabilities. Some funding already exists; however, it does not meet the needs of either individuals with disabilities or of the businesses seeking to accommodate them. The ADA created a new realm of opportunity for individuals with disabilities. However, while well intentioned, some of the aspects of the ADA are problematic. Economic results do not reflect the predictions made by the supporters of the bill before it passed into law. In addition, some areas of the ADA are in need of modification to reflect today’s concerns. Although the ADA is a stride in the right direction for individuals with disabilities, the journey toward equal rights and access for these individuals remains a long one. In truth, the ADA should not be considered a finished product, neither now or in the future. As society changes and the use of technology grows, the ADA will need to be redesigned and redefined to take these changes into consideration. The future of the United States is formed by the future of its people, no matter who they are or what their abilities might be. For that reason, the ADA as it exists now should be considered the starting point, not the ending point, for this piece of legislation. References Boyd, S. (2002). Americans with Disabilities Act: How this act affects you and your business. Heritage, 6(3). http://bus. cba. utulsa. edu/buslaw/Articles/Americans%20With%20Disabilities%20Act. pdf Burke, T. F. (1997). On the rights track: The Americans with disabilities act. Comparative Disadvantages? Social Regulations and the Global Economy, Pietro S. Nivlola, Ed. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. 242-318. http://bus. cba. utulsa. edu/buslaw/Articles/Americans%20With%20Disabilities%20Act. pdf Colker, R. (2005). The disability pendulum: The first decade of the Americans with Disabilities Act. New York: New York University. Eckert, J. M. (2003). People with disabilities, employment, the workplace: A ready-reference guide for Illinois Businesses. Chicago: Statewide Independent Living Council of Illinois. Krieger, L. (2000). Backlash against the Americans with Disabilities Act: Interdisciplinary perspectives and implications for social justice strategies. Boalt Working Papers in Public Law. Retrieved 13 May 2007 from http://repositories. cdlib. org/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1089context=boaltwp Maheady, D. C. , Fleming, S. E. (2005, Summer). Nursing with the hand you are given. Minority Nurse. 50-54. National Council on Disability (2003). When the Americans with Disabilities Act goes online: Application of the ADA to the Internet and the Worldwide Web. http://www. ncd. gov/newsroom/publications/2003/adainternet. htm National Organization on Disability. (2001). The top 10 reasons to hire People with disabilities. http://www. nod. org/index. cfm? fuseaction=page. viewPagepageID=1430nodeID=1FeatureID=253redirected=1CFID=13076268CFTOKEN=7389169 Power, P. W. (2000). A guide to vocational assessment. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. Rubin, S. E. , Roessler, R. T. (2001). Foundations of the vocational rehabilitation process. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. Schwochau, S. , Blanck, P. D. (2000). The economics of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Part III: Does the ADA disable the disabled? Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, 21: 271-313. Retrieved 10 May 2007 from http://www. boalt. org/BJELL/21-1/21-1-271. pdf How to cite The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Papers

Comparative Data free essay sample

Health Care Finance Complete the following table by writing responses to the questions. Cite the sources in the text and list them at the bottom of the table. What criterion must be met for true comparability? | For true comparability, consistency, verification and unit measurement must be met. Consistency is vital to make sure that all things are done in the same manner throughout the same time period. Verification is important to ensure that all of the collected information is valid and holds evidence of the validity of your data. Unit measurement is important to ensure that all money transacted is input in the same denomination. | What elements of consistency should be considered? Provide an example. | The following three methods of consistency should be considered: Time periods,which means for example, a 4 month time period should not be compared with a 6 month time period. It is important for lengths of time to be compared with similar lengths of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Data or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consistent methodology which means if you begin a time period, for example, using one method of inventorying, that you do not change methods in the middle of the time period and adopt a new method for doing things. Determination of inflation factors, for example, if multiple years are being compared, will your company take inflation into consideration throughout those time periods or not? | What is the manager’s responsibility in comparing data? | It is important for the manger to stay aware of whether the data they receive is appropriate for comparing. It is also the responsibility of the manager to recall and apply the elements of consistency. | What are the four common uses of comparative data? | The four common uses of comparative data are comparing current expenses to current budget, comparing current actual expenses to prior periods in the same organization, compare data of your organization to other organizations, compare data from your organization to industry standard data. | What is meant by standardized data? | What is meant by standardized data is that an rganization or company has a â€Å"standard† set of rules or regulations or data collection so that information and data that is obtained can be compared.